<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/nlm-dtd/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ADGEO</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Advances in Geosciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ADGEO</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Adv. Geosci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7359</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/adgeo-16-43-2008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Certified accuracy of rainfall data as a standard requirement in scientific investigations</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lanza</surname>
<given-names>L. G.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Stagi</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Construction, Environmental and Territorial Engineering, University of Genoa, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>09</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<fpage>43</fpage>
<lpage>48</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2008 L. G. Lanza</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2008</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://adgeo.copernicus.org/articles/16/43/2008/adgeo-16-43-2008.html">This article is available from https://adgeo.copernicus.org/articles/16/43/2008/adgeo-16-43-2008.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://adgeo.copernicus.org/articles/16/43/2008/adgeo-16-43-2008.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://adgeo.copernicus.org/articles/16/43/2008/adgeo-16-43-2008.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>This paper elaborates on the rationale behind the proposed standard limits
for the accuracy of rainfall intensity measurements obtained from
tipping-bucket and other types of rain gauges. Indeed, based on experimental
results obtained in the course of international instrument Intercomparison
initiatives and specific laboratory tests, it is shown here that the
accuracy of operational rain gauges can be reduced to the limits of &amp;plusmn;1% after proper calibration and correction. This figure is proposed as a
standard accuracy requirement for the use of rain data in scientific
investigations. This limit is also proposed as the reference accuracy for
operational rain gauge networks in order to comply with quality assurance
systems in meteorological observations.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="6"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Adami, A. and Da Deppo, L.: On the systematic errors of tipping bucket recording rain gauges. Proc. Int. Workshop on the Correction of Precipitation Measurements, Zurich, 1&amp;ndash;3~April~1985. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Calder, I. R. and Kidd, C. H. R.: A note on the dynamic calibration of tipping-bucket gauges, J. Hydrology, 39, 383&amp;ndash;386, 1978. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">CIMO-XIII: Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation, Thirteenth Session, Final Report, Bratislava, 25~September&amp;ndash;3~October~2002, WMO Rep No 947 (available at http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/IMOP/reports.html), 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">La Barbera, P., Lanza, L. G., and Stagi, L.: Influence of systematic mechanical errors of tipping-bucket rain gauges on the statistics of rainfall extremes, Water Sci. Techn., 45(2), 1&amp;ndash;9, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Lanza, L. G., Leroy, M., Alexadropoulos, C., Stagi, L., and Wauben, W.: WMO Laboratory Intercomparison of Rainfall Intensity Gauges &amp;ndash; Final Report, IOM Report No 84, WMO/TD No 1304, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Marsalek J.: Calibration of the tipping bucket raingage J. Hydrology, 53, 343&amp;ndash;354, 1981. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Maksimovi\&apos;c, \`E., Bužek, L., and Petrovi\&apos;c, J.: Corrections of rainfall data obtained by tipping bucket rain gauge, Atmospheric Research, 27, 45&amp;ndash;53, 1991. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Molini, A., La Barbera, P., Lanza, L. G., Stagi, L.: Rainfall intermittency and the sampling error of tipping-bucket rain gauges, Phys. Chem. Earth (C), 26(10&amp;ndash;12), 737&amp;ndash;742, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Molini, A., Lanza, L. G., and La Barbera, P.: The impact of tipping-bucket raingauge measurement errors on design rainfall for urban-scale applications, Hydrol. Proc., 19, 1073&amp;ndash;1088, 2005a. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Molini, A., Lanza, L. G., and La Barbera, P.: Improving the uncertainty of rain intensity records by disaggregation techniques Atmos. Res., 77, 203&amp;ndash;217, 2005b. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Niemczynowicz J.: The dynamic calibration of tipping-bucket raingauges, Nordic Hydrology, 17, 203&amp;ndash;214, 1986. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">WMO: Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation, WMO-No 8, 7th ed., World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>